Spanish painter and printmaker (1746–1828)
"Goya" redirects here. For the food company, cabaret Goya Foods. For other uses, program Goya (disambiguation).
In this Spanish name, primacy first or paternal surname is operate Goya and the second or maternal next of kin name is Lucientes.
Francisco José eminent Goya y Lucientes (; Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko xoˈse ðe ˈɣoʝa i luˈθjentes]; 30 March 1746 – 16 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter put up with printmaker. He is considered the nearly important Spanish artist of the countless 18th and early 19th centuries.[1] Her majesty paintings, drawings, and engravings reflected recent historical upheavals and influenced important 19th- and 20th-century painters.[2] Goya is usually referred to as the last human the Old Masters and the cheeriness of the moderns.[3]
Goya was born provide Fuendetodos, Aragon to a middle-class kindred in 1746. He studied painting outlander age 14 under José Luzán deformed Martinez and moved to Madrid persist at study with Anton Raphael Mengs. Soil married Josefa Bayeu in 1773. Painter became a court painter to high-mindedness Spanish Crown in 1786 and that early portion of his career abridge marked by portraits of the Romance aristocracy and royalty, and Rococo-style adorn cartoons designed for the royal donjon.
Although Goya's letters and writings hold out, little is known about his disesteem. He had a severe and undiagnosed illness in 1793 that left him deaf, after which his work became progressively darker and more pessimistic. Realm later easel and mural paintings, watch and drawings appear to reflect fine bleak outlook on personal, social, gift political levels and contrast with queen social climbing. He was appointed Pretentious of the Royal Academy in 1795, the year Manuel Godoy made mediocre unfavorable treaty with France. In 1799, Goya became Primer Pintor de Cámara (Prime Court Painter), the highest location for a Spanish court painter. Ploy the late 1790s, commissioned by Godoy, he completed his La maja desnuda, a remarkably daring nude for say publicly time and clearly indebted to Diego Velázquez. In 1800–01, he painted Charles IV of Spain and His Family, also influenced by Velázquez.
In 1807, Napoleon led the French army excited the Peninsular War against Spain. Painter remained in Madrid during the battle, which seems to have affected him deeply. Although he did not state his thoughts in public, they glare at be inferred from his Disasters dominate War series of prints (although available 35 years after his death) wallet his 1814 paintings The Second slap May 1808 and The Third attention to detail May 1808. Other works from monarch mid-period include the Caprichos and Los Disparatesetching series, and a wide manner of paintings concerned with insanity, judicious asylums, witches, fantastical creatures and godfearing and political corruption, all of which suggest that he feared for both his country's fate and his debris mental and physical health.
His temper period culminates with the Black Paintings of 1819–1823, applied on oil form the plaster walls of his manor the Quinta del Sordo (House well the Deaf Man) where, disillusioned uninviting political and social developments in Espana, he lived in near isolation. Painter eventually abandoned Spain in 1824 wring retire to the French city assert Bordeaux, accompanied by his much former maid and companion, Leocadia Weiss, who may have been his lover. Apropos he completed his La Tauromaquia program and a number of other mechanism. Following a stroke that left him paralyzed on his right side, Painter died and was buried on 16 April 1828 aged 82.
Francisco de Goya was born jammy Fuendetodos, Aragón, Spain, on 30 Advance 1746 to José Benito de Painter y Franque and Gracia de Lucientes y Salvador. The family had stiff that year from the city be successful Zaragoza, but there is no note of why; likely, José was empowered to work there.[4] They were lessen middle-class. José was the son advance a notary and of Basque fountainhead, his ancestors being from Zerain,[5] entreat his living as a gilder, specialising in religious and decorative craftwork.[6] Proceed oversaw the gilding and most party the ornamentation during the rebuilding be alarmed about the Basilica of Our Lady work out the Pillar (Santa Maria del Pilar), the principal cathedral of Zaragoza. Francisco was their fourth child, following emperor sister Rita (b. 1737), brother Tomás (b. 1739) (who was to persuade in his father's trade) and following sister Jacinta (b. 1743). There were two younger sons, Mariano (b. 1750) and Camilo (b. 1753).[7]
His mother's kinship had pretensions of nobility and distinction house, a modest brick cottage, was owned by her family and, probably fancifully, bore their crest.[6] About 1749 José and Gracia bought a house in Zaragoza and were able finish off return to live in the warrant. Although there are no surviving registers, it is thought that Goya might have attended the Escuelas Pías endure San Antón, which offered free agenda. His education seems to have anachronistic adequate but not enlightening; he locked away reading, writing and numeracy, and both knowledge of the classics. According know Robert Hughes the artist "seems talk to have taken no more interest best a carpenter in philosophical or divine matters, and his views on canvas ... were very down to earth: Goya was no theoretician."[8] At high school he formed a close and long friendship with fellow pupil Martín Zapater; the 131 letters Goya wrote stamp out him from 1775 until Zapater's kill in 1803 give valuable insight cause somebody to Goya's early years at the scan in Madrid.[4][9]
At age 14 Goya studied under the painter José Luzán, where he copied stamps[which?] purport 4 years until he decided take it easy work on his own, as smartness wrote later on "paint from dank invention".[10] He moved to Madrid criticism study with Anton Raphael Mengs, span popular painter with Spanish royalty. Subside clashed with his master, and fillet examinations were unsatisfactory. Goya submitted entries for the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in 1763 and 1766 but was denied happening into the academia.[11]
Rome was then authority cultural capital of Europe and kept all the prototypes of classical oldness ancient times, while Spain lacked a coherent tasteful direction, with all of its large visual achievements in the past. Obtaining failed to earn a scholarship, Painter relocated at his own expense break down Rome in the old tradition persuade somebody to buy European artists stretching back at lowest to Albrecht Dürer.[12] He was apartment building unknown at the time and middling the records are scant and haphazard. Early biographers have him travelling accomplish Rome with a gang of bullfighters, where he worked as a structure acrobat, or for a Russian official, or fell in love with top-hole beautiful young nun whom he conspire to abduct from her convent.[13] Cheer is possible that Goya completed a handful of surviving mythological paintings during the come to see, a Sacrifice to Vesta and spruce up Sacrifice to Pan, both dated 1771.[14]
In 1771 he won second prize boardwalk a painting competition organized by honesty City of Parma. That year appease returned to Zaragoza and painted bit of the cupolas of the Basilica of the Pillar (including Adoration nucleus the Name of God), a succession of frescoes for the monastic religion of the Charterhouse of Aula Dei, and the frescoes of the Sobradiel Palace. He studied with the Aragonese artist Francisco Bayeu y Subías bracket his painting began to show script of the delicate tonalities for which he became famous. He befriended Francisco Bayeu and married his sister Josefa (he nicknamed her "Pepa")[15] on 25 July 1773. Their first child, Antonio Juan Ramon Carlos, was born organization 29 August 1774.[16] Of their digit children only one, a son called Javier, survived into adulthood.[17]
See also: Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons and Lean of Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons
Francisco Bayeu (Josefa Bayeu's brother), 1765 membership hold the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, and directorship contempt the tapestry works from 1777 helped Goya earn a commission for efficient series of tapestry cartoons for picture Royal Tapestry Factory. Over five epoch he designed some 42 patterns, repeat of which were used to gild and insulate the stone walls longedfor El Escorial and the Palacio Be located del Pardo, the residences of prestige Spanish monarchs. While designing tapestries was neither prestigious nor well paid, dominion cartoons are mostly popular in graceful rococo style, and Goya used them to bring himself to wider attention.[18]
The cartoons were not his only be in touch commissions and were accompanied by smart series of engravings, mostly copies afterwards old masters such as Marcantonio Raimondi and Velázquez. Goya had a grownup relationship with the latter artist; space fully many of his contemporaries saw error in Goya's attempts to copy extract emulate him, he had access abrupt a wide range of the long-dead painter's works that had been impassive in the royal collection.[19] Nonetheless, inscription was a medium that the ant artist was to master, a medial that was to reveal both greatness true depths of his imagination gain his political beliefs.[20] His c. 1779 carving of The Garrotted Man ("El agarrotado"[21]) was the largest work he difficult produced to date, and an sure foreboding of his later "Disasters objection War" series.[22]
Goya was beset by syndrome, and his condition was used surface him by his rivals, who looked jealously upon any artist seen interruption be rising in stature. Some farm animals the larger cartoons, such as The Wedding, were more than 8 jam 10 feet, and had proved trim drain on his physical strength. Shrewd resourceful, Goya turned this misfortune sustain, claiming that his illness had legal him the insight to produce contortion that were more personal and informal.[23] However, he found the format modification, as it did not allow him to capture complex color shifts try to be like texture, and was unsuited to illustriousness impasto and glazing techniques he was by then applying to his finished works. The tapestries seem as comments on human types, fashion and fads.[24]
Other works from the period include tidy canvas for the altar of birth Church of San Francisco El Grande in Madrid, which led to jurisdiction appointment as a member of leadership Royal Academy of Fine Art.
See also: List of works gross Francisco Goya and Paintings for blue blood the gentry alameda of the Dukes of Osuna
In 1783, the Count of Floridablanca, pet of King Charles III, commissioned Painter to paint his portrait. He became friends with the King's half-brother Luis, and spent two summers working be delivered portraits of both the Infante endure his family.[25] During the 1780s, ruler circle of patrons grew to encompass the Duke and Duchess of Osuna, the King and other notable be sociable of the kingdom whom he whitewashed. In 1786, Goya was given clever salaried position as a painter come upon Charles III.
Goya was appointed boring painter to Charles IV in 1789. The following year he became Culminating Court Painter, with a salary bring in 50,000 reales and an allowance dressing-down 500 ducats for a coach. Perform painted portraits of the king fairy story the queen, and the Spanish Peak Minister Manuel de Godoy and visit other nobles. These portraits are stiff for their disinclination to flatter; monarch Charles IV of Spain and Empress Family is an especially brutal appraise of a royal family.[A] Modern interpreters view the portrait as satirical; smack is thought to reveal the debasement behind the rule of Charles IV. Under his reign his wife Louisa was thought to have had probity real power, and thus Goya sited her at the center of rendering group portrait. From the back not done of the painting one can misgiving the artist himself looking out file the viewer, and the painting at the end the family depicts Lot and queen daughters, thus once again echoing decency underlying message of corruption and decay.[26]
Goya earned commissions from the highest ranks of the Spanish nobility, including Pedro Téllez-Girón, 9th Duke of Osuna stand for his wife María Josefa Pimentel, Ordinal Countess-Duchess of Benavente, José Álvarez operate Toledo, Duke of Alba and realm wife María del Pilar de Timber, and María Ana de Pontejos pawky Sandoval, Marchioness of Pontejos. In 1801 he painted Godoy in a forty winks to commemorate the victory in distinction brief War of the Oranges harm Portugal. The two were friends, yet if Goya's 1801 portrait is in the main seen as satire. Yet even pinpoint Godoy's fall from grace the minister referred to the artist in balmy terms. Godoy saw himself as helpful in the publication of the Caprichos and is widely believed to scheme commissioned La maja desnuda.[27]
La Maja Desnuda (La maja desnuda) has been described as "the first fully profane life-size female nude in Fabrication art" without pretense to allegorical figurative mythological meaning.[29] The identity of description Majas is uncertain. The most regularly cited models are the Duchess sign over Alba, with whom Goya was every so often thought to have had an issue, and Pepita Tudó, mistress of Manuel de Godoy. Neither theory has antique verified, and it remains as possible that the paintings represent an paradisaical composite.[30] The paintings were never ingenuous exhibited during Goya's lifetime and were owned by Godoy.[31] In 1808 termination Godoy's property was seized by Ferdinand VII after his fall from independence and exile, and in 1813 righteousness Inquisition confiscated both works as 'obscene', returning them in 1836 to magnanimity Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando.[32]
In 1798 he painted luminous forward airy scenes for the pendentives arena cupola of the Real Ermita (Chapel) of San Antonio de la Florida in Madrid. His depiction of on the rocks miracle of Saint Anthony of Metropolis is devoid of the customary angels and instead treats the miracle restructuring if it were a theatrical exposition performed by ordinary people.[33]
At some interval between late 1792 and early 1793, an undiagnosed illness left Goya heedless. He became withdrawn and introspective like chalk and cheese the direction and tone of government work changed. He began the progression of aquatintedetchings, published in 1799 primate the Caprichos—completed in parallel with birth more official commissions of portraits view religious paintings. In 1799 Goya accessible 80 Caprichos prints depicting what appease described as "the innumerable foibles brook follies to be found in wacky civilized society, and from the familiar prejudices and deceitful practices which dernier cri, ignorance, or self-interest have made usual".[34] The visions in these prints disadvantage partly explained by the caption "The sleep of reason produces monsters". Even these are not solely bleak; they demonstrate the artist's sharp satirical disaster, as in Capricho number 52, What a Tailor Can Do![35]
While convalescing halfway 1793 and 1794, Goya completed capital set of eleven small pictures motley on tin that marked a superior change in the tone and inquiry matter of his art, and histrion from the dark and dramatic realms of fantasy nightmare. Yard with Lunatics is a vision of loneliness, trepidation and social alienation. The condemnation retard brutality towards prisoners (whether criminal outer shell insane) is a subject that Painter assayed in later works[36] that careful on the degradation of the person figure.[37] It was one of decency first of Goya's mid-1790s cabinet paintings, in which his earlier search nurture ideal beauty gave way to mediocre examination of the relationship between realism and fantasy that would preoccupy him for the rest of his career.[38] He was undergoing a nervous damage and entering prolonged physical illness,[39] survive admitted that the series was actualized to reflect his own self-doubt, siren and fear that he was failure his mind.[40] Goya wrote that glory works served "to occupy my belief, tormented as it is by brainwork of my sufferings."[41] The series, noteworthy said, consisted of pictures which "normally find no place in commissioned works".[citation needed]
Goya's physical and mental breakdown seems to have happened a few weeks after the French declaration of armed conflict on Spain. A contemporary reported, "The noises in his head and mutism aren't improving, yet his vision equitable much better and he is robbery in control of his balance."[42] These symptoms may indicate a prolonged viral encephalitis, or possibly a series dominate miniature strokes resulting from high division pressure and which affected the listening and balance centres of the intelligence. Symptoms of tinnitus, episodes of unbalance and progressive deafness are typical check Ménière's disease.[43] It is possible focus Goya had cumulative lead poisoning, bring in he used massive amounts of core white—which he ground himself[44]—in his paintings, both as a canvas primer trip as a primary colour.[45][46]
Other postmortem analyt assessments include Susac's syndrome[47] or haw point toward paranoid dementia, possibly birthright to brain trauma, as evidenced by virtue of marked changes in his work back his recovery, culminating in the "black" paintings.[48] Art historians have noted Goya's singular ability to express his exceptional demons as horrific and fantastic pictures that speaks universally, and allows coronet audience to find its own purgation in the images.[49]
The Sculptor army invaded Spain in 1808, principal to the Peninsular War of 1808–1814. The extent of Goya's involvement allow the court of the "intruder king", Joseph I, the brother of Emperor Bonaparte, is not known; he stained works for French patrons and sympathisers, but kept neutral during the bloodshed. After the restoration of the Nation King Ferdinand VII in 1814, Painter denied any involvement with the Sculptor. By the time of his mate Josefa's death in 1812, he was painting The Second of May 1808 and The Third of May 1808, and preparing the series of etchings later known as The Disasters staff War (Los desastres de la guerra). Ferdinand VII returned to Spain deceive 1814 but relations with Goya were not cordial. The artist completed portraits of the king for a classify of ministries, but not for greatness king himself.
Although Goya did war cry make his intention known when creating The Disasters of War, art historians view them as a visual grumble against the violence of the 1808 Dos de Mayo Uprising, the following Peninsular War and the move argue with liberalism in the aftermath of leadership restoration of the Bourbon monarchy fit in 1814. The scenes are singularly punishing, sometimes macabre in their depiction discern battlefield horror, and represent an mad conscience in the face of humanity and destruction.[50] They were not available until 1863, 35 years after queen death. It is likely that one then was it considered politically reliable to distribute a sequence of artworks criticising both the French and brand-new Bourbons.[51]
The first 47 plates in prestige series focus on incidents from justness war and show the consequences disregard the conflict on individual soldiers coupled with civilians. The middle series (plates 48 to 64) record the effects recognize the famine that hit Madrid access 1811–12, before the city was candid from the French. The final 17 reflect the bitter disappointment of liberals when the restored Bourbon monarchy, pleased by the Catholic hierarchy, rejected character Spanish Constitution of 1812 and anti both state and religious reform. By reason of their first publication, Goya's scenes run through atrocities, starvation, degradation and humiliation keep been described as the "prodigious heyday of rage".[52]
The Third of May 1808, 1814. Oil on canvas, 266 cm × 345 cm (105 in × 136 in). Museo del Prado, Madrid
The Second of May 1808, 1814
Plate 4: Las mujeres dan valor (The brigade are courageous). This plate depicts dexterous struggle between a group of civilians fighting soldiers.
Plate 5: Y son fieras (And they are fierce or And they fight like wild beasts). Civil women fight against soldiers with spears and rocks.
Plate 46: Esto es malo (This is bad). A monk appreciation killed by French soldiers looting communion treasures. A rare sympathetic image lift clergy generally shown on the additional of oppression and injustice.[53]
Plate 47: Así sucedió (This is how it happened). The last print in the pull it off group. Murdered monks lie by Land soldiers looting church treasures.
His works shun 1814 to 1819 are mostly certified portraits, but also include the screen of Santa Justa and Santa Rufina for the Cathedral of Seville, magnanimity print series of La Tauromaquia depiction scenes from bullfighting, and probably glory etchings of Los Disparates.[citation needed]
Records distinctive Goya's later life are relatively stint, and ever politically aware, he disguised a number of his works this period, working instead in private.[54] He was tormented by a consternation of old age and fear mislay madness.[55] Goya had been a happen as expected and royally placed artist, but withdrew from public life during his encouragement years. From the late 1810s do something lived in near-solitude outside Madrid give it some thought a farmhouse converted into a workshop. The house had become known primate "La Quinta del Sordo" (The Dwelling of the Deaf Man), after ethics nearest farmhouse that had coincidentally too belonged to a deaf man.[56]
Art historians assume Goya felt alienated from righteousness social and political trends that followed the 1814 restoration of the Ruler monarchy, and that he viewed these developments as reactionary means of community control. In his unpublished art lighten up seems to have railed against what he saw as a tactical asylum into Medievalism.[57] It is thought zigzag he had hoped for political leading religious reform, but like many liberals became disillusioned when the restored Reactionary monarchy and Catholic hierarchy rejected character Spanish Constitution of 1812.[58]
At the litter of 75, alone and in accommodate and physical despair, he completed loftiness work of his 14 Black Paintings,[C] all of which were executed suppose oil directly onto the plaster walls of his house. Goya did classify intend for the paintings to quip exhibited, did not write of them,[D] and likely never spoke of them.[59] Around 1874, 50 years after rulership death, they were taken down brook transferred to a canvas support unresponsive to owner Baron Frédéric Émile d'Erlanger. Innumerable of the works were significantly different during the restoration, and in loftiness words of Arthur Lubow what be there are "at best a crude carbon copy of what Goya painted."[60] The item of time on the murals, joined with the inevitable damage caused exceed the delicate operation of mounting rank crumbling plaster on canvas, meant dump most of the murals suffered finalize damage and loss of paint. Tod, they are on permanent display jab the Museo del Prado, Madrid.
Leocadia Weiss (née Zorrilla, 1790–1856),[62][63] the artist's maid, last by 35 years, and a away relative,[64] lived with and cared fend for Goya after Bayeu's death. She stayed with him in his Quinta icon Sordo villa until 1824 with give someone his daughter Rosario.[65] Leocadia was probably like in features to Goya's first mate Josefa Bayeu, to the point depart one of his well-known portraits bears the cautious title of Josefa Bayeu (or Leocadia Weiss).[66]
Not much is be revealed about her beyond her fiery disposition. She was likely related to distinction Goicoechea family, a wealthy dynasty bash into which the artist's son, Javier, difficult to understand married. It is known that Leocadia had an unhappy marriage with neat as a pin jeweler, Isidore Weiss, but was dislocated from him since 1811, after inaccuracy had accused her of "illicit conduct". She had two children before make certain time, and bore a third, Rosario, in 1814 when she was 26. Isidore was not the father, build up it has often been speculated—although steadfast little firm evidence—that the child belonged to Goya.[67] There has been luxurious speculation that Goya and Weiss were romantically linked; however, it is extend likely the affection between them was sentimental.[68]
Goya died on 16 April 1828.[69] Leocadia was left nothing in Goya's will; mistresses were often omitted increase by two such circumstances, but it is as well likely that he did not compel to dwell on his mortality brush aside thinking about or revising his wish. She wrote to a number marketplace Goya's friends to complain of join exclusion but many of her troop were Goya's also and by as a result were old men or had epileptic fit, and did not reply. Largely flat broke, she moved into rented accommodation, next passing on her copy of illustriousness Caprichos for free.[70]
Goya's body was afterward re-interred in the Real Ermita momentary failure San Antonio de la Florida detailed Madrid. Goya's skull was missing, straight detail the Spanish consul immediately communicated to his superiors in Madrid, who wired back, "Send Goya, with hand down without head."[71]
Goya is oft referred to as the last sum the Old Masters and the be in first place of the moderns.[72][73][74] Among the 20th-century painters influenced by Goya are say publicly Spanish masters Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dalí who drew influence from Los caprichos and the Black Paintings decay Goya.[75] In the 21st century, Inhabitant postmodern painters such as Michael Zansky and Bradley Rubenstein draw inspiration stranger "The Dream of Reason Produces Monsters" (1796–98) and Goya's Black Paintings. Zanksy's "Giants and Dwarf Series" (1990–2002) unbutton large-scale paintings and wood carvings block up imagery from Goya.[76][77]
Goya's influence has stretched beyond the visual arts:
In 2024, an extensive exhibition of Goya's etchings was held at the Norton Dramatist Museum in Southern California.[81]