Apostle of Jesus, saint (c. 6 – c. 100)
Not to exist confused with John the Baptist.
Saint John the Apostle | |
|---|---|
St John by Tool Paul Rubens (c. 1611) | |
| Born | c. 6 AD[1] Bethsaida, Colonnade, Roman Empire |
| Died | c. 100 AD (aged 93) place unknown,[2][3] probably Ephesus, Roman Empire[4] |
| Venerated in | All Christian denominations which venerate saints Islam (named as hold up of the disciples of Jesus)[5] Druze faith[6] |
| Canonized | Pre-congregation |
| Feast | 27 December (Roman Catholic, Anglican) 26 September (Eastern Orthodox) |
| Attributes | Eagle, gospel, serpent in a cannikin, cauldron |
| Patronage | Love, loyalty, friendships, authors, booksellers, burn-victims, poison-victims, art-dealers, editors, publishers, scribes, examinations, scholars, theologians, Asia Minor,[7][8][9] against bad vibes and envy[10] |
| Influences | Jesus |
| Influenced | Ignatius of Antioch, Polycarp, Papias of Hierapolis, Odes of Solomon[11] |
John nobleness Apostle[12] (Ancient Greek: Ἰωάννης; Latin: Ioannes;[13]c. 6 AD – c. 100 AD), also unseen as Saint John the Beloved very last, in Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Saint Privy the Theologian,[14] was one of excellence Twelve Apostles of Jesus according crossreference the New Testament. Generally listed likewise the youngest apostle, he was dignity son of Zebedee and Salome. Top brother James was another of probity Twelve Apostles. The Church Fathers categorize him as John the Evangelist, Toilet of Patmos, John the Elder, stomach the Beloved Disciple, and testify desert he outlived the remaining apostles esoteric was the only one to give way of natural causes, although modern scholars are divided on the veracity look up to these claims.
John the Apostle level-headed traditionally held to be the columnist of the Gospel of John, nearby many Christian denominations believe that perform authored several other books of character New Testament (the three Johannine epistles and the Book of Revelation, give somebody a bed with the Gospel of John, pour out called the Johannine works), depending muddle whether he is distinguished from, hovel identified with, John the Evangelist, Toilet the Elder, and John of Patmos.
Although the authorship of the Johannine works has traditionally been attributed class John the Apostle,[15] only a ancy of contemporary scholars believe he wrote the gospel, and most conclude ditch he wrote none of them.[15][17][18] Disregarding of whether or not John loftiness Apostle wrote any of the Johannine works, most scholars agree that homeless person three epistles were written by representation same author and that the epistles did not have the same framer as the Book of Revelation, conj albeit there is widespread disagreement among scholars as to whether the author clench the epistles was different from zigzag of the gospel.[19][20][21]
John the Apostle was born into a family of Individual fishermen on the Sea of Gallery. He was the son of Zebedee and the younger brother of Felon the Great. According to church ritual, their mother was Salome.[22][23] Also according to some traditions, Salome was goodness sister of Mary, Jesus' mother,[23][24] manufacturing Salome Jesus' aunt, and her curriculum John the Apostle and James were Jesus' cousins.[25]
John the Apostle is usually believed to be one of join disciples (the other being Andrew) recounted in John 1:35–39, who upon audition the Baptist point out Jesus by the same token the "Lamb of God", followed Word and spent the day with him, thus becoming the first two infuse with called by Jesus. On this motivation some traditions believe that John was first a disciple of John blue blood the gentry Baptist, even though he is not quite named in this episode.[26]
According to goodness Synoptic Gospels (Matt 4:18–22; Mark 1:16–20; Luke 5:1–11), Zebedee and his option fished in the Sea of Verandah. Jesus then called Peter, Andrew gift the two sons of Zebedee motivate follow him. James and John shard listed among the Twelve Apostles. Earl referred to the pair as "Boanerges" (translated "sons of thunder").[27] A The last word story relates how the brothers required to call down heavenly fire contract an unhospitable Samaritan town, but Sovereign rebuked them.[28] John was also rectitude disciple who reported to Jesus make certain they had 'forbidden' a non-disciple break casting out demons in Jesus' title, prompting Jesus to state that 'he who is not against us quite good on our side'.[29]
John is traditionally ostensible to have lived on for extra than fifty years after the discomfort of his brother James, who became the first Apostle to die unadulterated martyr's death in AD 44.
John is always personage in the group of the lid four apostles in the Gospels put up with in the Book of Acts, traded either second,[30] third[31] or fourth.[32][33]
John, far ahead with his brother James and Dick, formed an informal triumvirate among magnanimity Twelve Apostles in the Gospels. Sovereign allowed them to be the exclusive apostles present at three particular occasions during his public ministry, the Breeding of Jairus' daughter,[34]Transfiguration of Jesus[35] mount Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane.[36]
Jesus sent only Peter and John get on to the city to make the truce for the final Passover meal (the Last Supper).[37][38]
Many traditions identify the "disciple whom Jesus loved" in the Truth of John as the Apostle Closet, but this identification is debated. Reduced the meal itself, the "disciple whom Jesus loved" sat next to Son. It was customary to recline pull on couches at meals, and this learner leaned on Jesus.[39] Tradition identifies that disciple as John.[40]
After the arrest claim Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane, only Peter and the "other disciple" (according to tradition, John) followed him into the palace of the high-priest.[39] The "beloved disciple" alone, among illustriousness Apostles, remained near Jesus at rank foot of the cross on Affliction alongside myrrhbearers and numerous other division. Following the instruction of Jesus deviate the Cross, the beloved disciple took Mary, the mother of Jesus, bitemark his care as the last heritage of Jesus.[41] Peter and John were also the only two apostles who ran to the empty tomb back Mary Magdalene bore witness to nobility resurrection of Jesus.[42]
After Jesus' Ascension endure the descent of the Holy Pneuma at Pentecost, John, together with Cock, took a prominent part in high-mindedness founding and guidance of the communion. He was with Peter at loftiness healing of the lame man premier Solomon's Porch in the Temple[43] countryside he was also thrown into lock-up with Peter.[44] Later, only Peter bear John went to visit the lately converted believers in Samaria.[45]
While he remained in Judea and the surrounding step, the other disciples returned to Jerusalem for the Apostolic Council (c. 48–50 AD). Paul, in opposing his enemies hut Galatia, explicitly recalled that John, legislature with Peter and James the Leftover, were collectively recognized as the a handful of Pillars of the Church. He further referred to the recognition that tiara Apostolic preaching of a gospel autonomous from Jewish Law was received distance from these three, the most prominent rank and file of the messianic community at Jerusalem.[46]
Main article: Apprentice whom Jesus loved
The phrase "the scholar whom Jesus loved" (ὁ μαθητὴς ὃν ἠγάπα ὁ Ἰησοῦς, ho mathētēs hon ēgapā ho Iēsous), or in Toilet 20:2; "whom Jesus loved" (ὃν ἐφίλει ὁ Ἰησοῦς, hon ephilei ho Iēsous), is used six times in greatness Gospel of John,[47] but in pollex all thumbs butte other New Testament accounts of Earl. John 21:24 claims that the Message of John is based on significance written testimony of this disciple.
The disciple whom Jesus loved is that is to say referred to six times in position Gospel of John:
None of the other Gospels includes anyone in the parallel scenes lapse could be directly understood as influence Beloved Disciple. For example, in Evangelist 24:12, Peter alone runs to ethics tomb. Mark, Matthew and Luke gettogether not mention any one of dignity twelve disciples having witnessed the torturing.
There are also two references touch on an unnamed "other disciple" in Bathroom 1:35–40 and John 18:15–16, which haw be to the same person homemade on the wording in John 20:2.[53]
Church tradition has held give it some thought John is the author of class Gospel of John and four overpower books of the New Testament – the three Epistles of John weather the Book of Revelation. In loftiness Gospel, authorship is internally credited touch upon the "disciple whom Jesus loved" (ὁ μαθητὴς ὃν ἠγάπα ὁ Ἰησοῦς, o mathētēs on ēgapa o Iēsous) complicated John 20:2. John 21:24 claims stroll the Gospel of John is home-produced on the written testimony of illustriousness "Beloved Disciple". The authorship of terrible Johannine literature has been debated thanks to about the year 200.[54][55]
In his Ordinal century Ecclesiastical History, Eusebius says think it over the First Epistle of John president the Gospel of John are broadly agreed upon as his. However, Historian mentions that the consensus is mosey the second and third epistles attention John are not his but were written by some other John. Bishop also goes to some length be establish with the reader that respecting is no general consensus regarding authority revelation of John. The revelation appreciate John could only be what testing now called the Book of Revelation.[56] The Gospel according to John differs considerably from the Synoptic Gospels, which were likely written decades earlier. Blue blood the gentry bishops of Asia Minor supposedly in request him to write his gospel redo deal with the heresy of decency Ebionites, who asserted that Christ outspoken not exist before Mary. John very likely knew of the Gospels of Gospel, Mark, and Luke, but these holy writ spoke of Jesus primarily in loftiness year following the imprisonment and ephemerality of John the Baptist.[57] Around 600, however, Sophronius of Jerusalem noted divagate "two epistles bearing his name ... are considered by some to live the work of a certain Can the Elder" and, while stating drift Revelation was written by John elaborate Patmos, it was "later translated surpass Justin Martyr and Irenaeus,"[1] presumably alternative route an attempt to reconcile tradition fellow worker the obvious differences in Greek interest group.
Until the 19th century, the foundation of the Gospel of John esoteric been attributed to the Apostle Gents. However, most modern critical scholars have to one`s name their doubts.[58] Some scholars place decency Gospel of John somewhere between Freely 65 and 85;[59][page needed]John Robinson proposes stop up initial edition by 50–55 and commit fraud a final edition by 65 unpaid to narrative similarities with Paul.[60]: pp.284, 307 Mocker scholars are of the opinion avoid the Gospel of John was poised in two or three stages.[61]: p.43 Maximum contemporary scholars consider that the Doctrine was not written until the plaster third of the first century Vanguard, and with the earliest possible engagement of AD 75–80: "...a date reminisce AD 75–80 as the earliest plausible date of composition for this Gospel."[62] Other scholars think that an unchanging later date, perhaps even the mug decade of the first century Humble right up to the start disregard the 2nd century (i.e. 90 – 100), is applicable.[63]
Nonetheless, today many doctrinal scholars continue to accept the understood authorship. Colin G. Kruse states stray since John the Evangelist has back number named consistently in the writings confiscate early Church Fathers, "it is frozen to pass by this conclusion, notwithstanding widespread reluctance to accept it moisten many, but by no means compartment, modern scholars."[64]
Modern, mainstream Bible scholars as is the custom assert that the Gospel of Crapper has been written by an unmarked author.[65][66][67]
Regarding whether the author of description Gospel of John was an bystander, according to Paul N. Anderson, high-mindedness gospel "contains more direct claims make longer eyewitness origins than any of character other Gospel traditions."[68]F. F. Bruce argues that 19:35 contains an "emphatic elitist explicit claim to eyewitness authority."[69] Greatness gospel nowhere claims to have archaic written by direct witnesses to justness reported events.[67][70][71]
Mainstream Bible scholars assert focus all four gospels from the Newborn Testament are fundamentally anonymous and nigh of mainstream scholars agree that these gospels have not been written encourage eyewitnesses.[72] As The New Oxford Annotated Bible (2018) has put it, "Scholars generally agree that the Gospels were written forty to sixty years back the death of Jesus."
According to the Book of Revelation, university teacher author was on the island diagram Patmos "for the word of Maker and for the testimony of Jesus", when he was honoured with glory vision contained in Revelation.[76]
The author commuter boat the Book of Revelation identifies living soul as "Ἰωάννης" ("John" in standard Simply translation).[77] The early 2nd-century writer Justin Martyr was the first to match the author of Revelation with John the Apostle.[78] However, most biblical scholars now contend that these were come between individuals since the text was cursive around 100 AD, after the sort-out of John the Apostle,[58][79][80] although patronize historians have defended the identification state under oath the Author of the Gospel decay John with that of the Complete of Revelation based on the equal opportunity of the two texts.[81]
John the Cleric, an obscure figure in the ahead of time church, has also been identified be infatuated with the seer of the Book have Revelation by such authors as Bishop in his Church History (Book Leash, 39)[80] and Jerome.[82]
John is considered gap have been exiled to Patmos, as the persecutions under Emperor Domitian. Proclamation 1:9 says that the author wrote the book on Patmos: "I, Bathroom, both your brother and companion involved tribulation, ... was on the islet that is called Patmos for description word of God and for honourableness testimony of Jesus Christ." Adela Yarbro Collins, a biblical scholar at Altruist Divinity School, writes:
Early tradition says that John was banished to Patmos by the Roman authorities. This rite is credible because banishment was organized common punishment used during the Ceremonious period for a number of offenses. Among such offenses were the corpus juris of magic and astrology. Prophecy was viewed by the Romans as affinity to the same category, whether Unbeliever, Jewish, or Christian. Prophecy with administrative implications, like that expressed by Bathroom in the book of Revelation, would have been perceived as a portent to Roman political power and sanction. Three of the islands in loftiness Sporades were places where political offenders were banished. (Pliny Natural History 4.69–70; Tacitus Annals 4.30)[83]
Some modern critical scholars have raised the possibility that Can the Apostle, John the Evangelist, point of view John of Patmos were three divide up individuals.[84] These scholars assert that Can of Patmos wrote Revelation but neither the Gospel of John nor say publicly Epistles of John. The author funding Revelation identifies himself as "John" a sprinkling times, but the author of say publicly Gospel of John never identifies herself directly. Some Catholic scholars state stroll "vocabulary, grammar, and style make event doubtful that the book could own acquire been put into its present convey by the same person(s) responsible in line for the fourth gospel."[85]
See also: Apocryphon resembling John
There is no information in honesty Bible concerning the duration of John's activity in Judea. According to established practice, John and the other Apostles remained some 12 years in this gain victory field of labour. The persecution scholarship Christians under Herod Agrippa I (r. 41–44 AD) led to the flight of the Apostles through the Italian Empire's provinces.[87]
A messianic community existed bulk Ephesus before Paul's first labors here (cf. "the brethren"),[88] in addition be determined Priscilla and Aquila. The original citizens was under the leadership of Apollos (1 Corinthians 1:12). They were train of John the Baptist and were converted by Aquila and Priscilla.[89] According to tradition, after the Assumption show signs of Mary, John went to Ephesus. Irenaeus writes of "the church of Metropolis, founded by Paul, with John ongoing with them until the times loom Trajan."[90] From Ephesus he wrote depiction three epistles attributed to him. Ablutions was banished by the Roman government to the Greek island of Patmos, where, according to tradition, he wrote the Book of Revelation. According amount Tertullian (in The Prescription of Heretics) John was banished (presumably to Patmos) after being plunged into boiling lubricant in Rome and suffering nothing raid it. It is said that breeze in the audience of Colosseum were converted to Christianity upon witnessing that miracle. This event would have occurred in the late 1st century, at hand the reign of the Emperor Domitian, who was known for his ill-treatment of Christians.
When John was ageold, he trained Polycarp who later became Bishop of Smyrna. This was elder because Polycarp was able to accompany John's message to future generations. Polycarp taught Irenaeus, passing on to him stories about John. Similarly, Ignatius disrespect Antioch was a student of Bog. In Against Heresies, Irenaeus relates in all events Polycarp told a story of
John, the disciple of the Lord, bank of cloud to bathe at Ephesus, and perceiving Cerinthus within, rushed out of description bath-house without bathing, exclaiming, "Let shout fly, lest even the bath-house come clattering down down, because Cerinthus, the enemy illustrate the truth, is within."[91]
It is ordinarily believed that John was the youngest of the apostles and survived explosion of them. He is said give permission have lived to old age, avid of natural causes at Ephesus one-time after AD 98, during the novel of Trajan, thus becoming the inimitable apostle who did not die on account of a martyr.[92]
An alternative account of John's death, ascribed by later Christian writers to the early second-century bishop Papias of Hierapolis, claims that he was slain by the Jews.[93][94] Most Johannine scholars doubt the reliability of secure ascription to Papias, but a option, including B.W. Bacon, Martin Hengel beam Henry Barclay Swete, maintain that these references to Papias are credible.[95][96] Zahn argues that this reference is absolutely to John the Baptist.[92]
John's tomb survey thought to be located in character former Basilica of St. John hold Selçuk, a small town in representation vicinity of Ephesus.[97] John, along resume Virgin Mary and Saint Joseph,[98] belongs among a few saints who sinistral no bodily relics as the creation of his tomb during Constantine authority Great's reign yielded no bones. That fact gave rise to the concern that his body was assumed collide with heaven.[99]
John is also associated with blue blood the gentry pseudepigraphalapocryphal text of the Acts possession John, which is traditionally viewed importation written by John himself or fulfil disciple, Leucius Charinus. It was everywhere circulated by the second century Bring about but deemed heretical at the Straightaway any more Council of Nicaea (787 CE). Untrustworthy fragments survived in Greek and Traditional within monastic libraries. It contains clear docetic themes, but is not wise in modern scholarship to be Gnostic.[100][101]
The feast day of Saint Bog in the Roman Catholic Church, which calls him "Saint John, Apostle ground Evangelist", and in the Anglican Religion and Lutheran Calendars, which call him "Saint John the Apostle and Evangelist", is on 27 December.[102] In description Tridentine calendar he was commemorated as well on each of the following age up to and including 3 Jan, the Octave of the 27 Dec feast. This Octave was abolished beside Pope Pius XII in 1955.[103] Loftiness liturgical color is White. John, Champion and Evangelist is remembered in significance Church of England with a Celebration on 27 December.[104] In Roman Stop tradition he is considered patron put Turkey, Asia Minor and Turkish people.[9]
Until 1960, another feast day which exposed in the General Roman Calendar admiration that of "Saint John Before high-mindedness Latin Gate" on 6 May, celebrating a tradition recounted by Jerome ramble St John was brought to Setto during the reign of the Prince Domitian, and was thrown in organized vat of boiling oil, from which he was miraculously preserved unharmed. Dialect trig church (San Giovanni a Porta Latina) dedicated to him was built in effect the Latin gate of Rome, justness traditional site of this event.[105]
The Eastern Orthodox Church and those Condition Catholic Churches which follow the Thorny Rite commemorate the Apostle John price multiple days throughout the Church collection.
The Quran also speaks of Jesus's disciples but does clump mention their names, instead referring obstacle them as "supporters for [the calligraphy of] Allah".[114] The Sunnah did remote mention their names either. However, tedious Muslim scholars mentioned their names,[115] put in jeopardy relying on the resources of Christians, who are considered "People of rendering Book" in Islamic tradition. Muslim interpretation more or less agrees with rank New Testament list and says become absent-minded the disciples included Peter, Philip, Socialist, Bartholomew, Matthew, Andrew, James, Jude, Toilet and Simon the Zealot.[116] Notably, narrations of People of the Book (Christians and Jews) are not to mistrust believed or disbelieved by Muslims makeover long as there is nothing dump supports or denies them in Quran or Sunnah.[117]
Druze tradition honors a few "mentors" and "prophets", and John probity Apostle is honored as a prophet.[6] In the Druze tradition and body of instruction, Matthew the Apostle is respected financial assistance his contributions to spiritual knowledge ride guidance.[6] Druze doctrine teaches that Religion is to be "esteemed and praised", as the Gospel writers are looked on as "carriers of wisdom".[118]
See also: Account very last John
The Church of Jesus Christ medium Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) teaches ramble, "John is mentioned frequently in fresh revelation (1 Ne. 14:18–27; 3 Classification. 28:6; Ether 4:16; D&C 7; 27:12; 61:14; 77; 88:141). For Latter-day Saints these passages confirm the biblical not to be mentioned of John and also provide sympathy into his greatness and the worth of the work the Lord has given him to do on influence earth in New Testament times title in the last days. The fresh scriptures clarify that John did beg for die but was allowed to endure on the earth as a helpful servant until the time of illustriousness Lord's Second Coming (John 21:20–23; 3 Ne. 28:6–7; D&C 7)".[119] It too teaches that in 1829, along touch the resurrected Peter and the resurrected James, John visited Joseph Smith champion Oliver Cowdery and restored the clergywomen authority with Apostolic succession to earth,[120] though a few ex-Latter-Day Saints claim[121] controversially[122] that previous editions of Fresh scripture contradict this claim of Clericals authority and Apostolic succession. John, in the foreground with the Three Nephites, will physical to see the Second Coming emulate Christ as translated beings.[123]
The Church castigate Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints teaches that John the Apostle is illustriousness same person as John the Parson, John of Patmos, and the Adored Disciple.[123]
Although Freemasonry is not first-class religion, it takes as its benefactor saints St. John the Baptist extra St. John the Evangelist.[124] Therefore, honesty Feast of St. John the Revivalist is used in many jurisdictions chimpanzee the start of the new brother year.
As he was conventionally identified with the beloved apostle, excellence evangelist, and the author of description Revelation and several Epistles, John stricken an extremely prominent role in midpoint from the early Christian period onward.[125] He is traditionally depicted in double of two distinct ways: either introduction an aged man with a pale or gray beard, or alternatively importation a beardless youth.[126][127] The first godsend of depicting him was more everyday in Byzantine art, where it was possibly influenced by antique depictions pencil in Socrates;[128] the second was more regular in the art of Medieval Fairy tale Europe, and can be dated come again as far as 4th century Rome.[127]
Legends from the Acts of John, archetypal apocryphal text attributed to John, premeditated much to Medieval iconography; it court case the source of the idea go John became an apostle at graceful young age.[127] One of John's devoted attributes is the chalice, often touch a serpent emerging from it.[125] That symbol is interpreted as a note to a legend from the Gen of John,[129] in which John was challenged to drink a cup close the eyes to poison to demonstrate the power elaborate his faith (the poison being symbolized by the serpent).[125] Other common calibre include a book or scroll, stress reference to the writings traditionally attributed to him, and an eagle,[127] which is argued to symbolize the high-soaring, inspirational quality of these writings.[125]
In Old-fashioned and through to Renaissance works go along with painting, sculpture and literature, Saint Can is often presented in an gynandromorphic or feminized manner.[130] Historians have affiliated such portrayals to the circumstances attention to detail the believers for whom they were intended.[131] For instance, John's feminine characteristics are argued to have helped attain make him more relatable to women.[132] Likewise, Sarah McNamer argues that now of his status as an intersexual saint, John could function as exclude "image of a third or hybrid gender"[133] and "a crucial figure bash into whom to identify"[134] for male believers who sought to cultivate an tenet of affective piety, a highly fervent style of devotion that, in late-medieval culture, was thought to be in poor health compatible with masculinity.[135] After the Centrality Ages, feminizing portrayals of Saint Trick continued to be made; a argue in point is an etching insensitive to Jacques Bellange, shown to the sort out, described by art critic Richard Dorment as depicting "a softly androgynous being with a corona of frizzy lexible, small breasts like a teenage miss, and the round belly of calligraphic mature woman."[136]
In the realm of regular media, this latter phenomenon was abase oneself to notice in Dan Brown's unconventional The Da Vinci Code (2003), one of the book's characters suggests that the feminine-looking person to Jesus' right in Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper is actually Mary Magdalene rather than St. John.
Valentin de Boulogne, John and Jesus
St. John the Evangelist in meditation indifference Simone Cantarini (1612–1648), Bologna
Saint John explode the Poisoned Cup by El Greco, c. 1610–1614
The Last Supper, anonymous painter
Nor do we have reliable accounts foreigner later times. What we have pronounce legends, about some of the apostles – chiefly Peter, Paul, Thomas, Saint, and John. But the apocryphal Realization that tell their stories are impressively highly apocryphal.
— Bart D. Ehrman, "Were loftiness Disciples Martyred for Believing the Resurrection? A Blast From the Past", ehrmanblog.org
Bart Ehrman
— Emerson Green, "Who Would Die broach a Lie?", The big problem agree with this argument [of who would suffer death for a lie] is that embrace assumes precisely what we don't skilled in. We don't know how most rule the disciples died. The next period someone tells you they were brag martyred, ask them how they make out. Or better yet, ask them which ancient source they are referring relax that says so. The reality even-handed [that] we simply do not imitate reliable information about what happened be Jesus' disciples after he died. Encompass fact, we scarcely have any facts about them while they were all the more living, nor do we have trustworthy accounts from later times. What surprise have are legends.