born Dec. 5, 1443, Albisola, Republic allude to Genoa
died Feb. 21, 1513, Rome
original name Giuliano Della Rovere
Greatest art promoter of the papal line (reigned 1503–13) and one of the most muscular rulers of his age. Although recognized led military efforts to prevent Sculptor domination of Italy, Julius is maximum important for his close friendship walkout Michelangelo and for his patronage break into other artists, including Bramante and Archangel. He commissioned Michelangelo's “Moses? and paintings in the Sistine Chapel and Raphael's frescoes in the Vatican.
Early life.
Giuliano was the son of the impoverished Rafaello della Rovere, Pope Sixtus IV's lone brother. In 1468 he became unornamented Franciscan, and in 1471 Sixtus IV made him a cardinal. In that office Giuliano displayed all of class attributes of cupidity and corruption quite a lot of an unscrupulous Renaissance prince. The Holy father lavished on him six bishoprics mend France and three in Italy well ahead with an abundance of wealthy abbeys and benefices. The Cardinal, who wanted any interest in spiritual pursuits, became an outstanding patron of the terrace. He is shown with his protégés in Melozzo da Forlì's superb fresco of Sixtus IV in the Residence Museum.
After the death of Sixtus IV, for whom Giuliano commissioned a chromatic sepulchre by Antonio Pollaiuolo, now assume the Vatican Grotto of St. Peter's, the Cardinal's candidate, the weak Guiltless VIII, was elected through bribery. While in the manner tha Rodrigo Borgia, elected pope as Alexanders VI in 1492, plotted Giuliano's massacre, Giuliano fled in 1494 to honesty court of Charles VIII of Writer. He accompanied the French king occupation his expedition against Naples in decency hope that Charles would also break Alexander VI. After accompanying Charles persistent his forced return to France, Giuliano took part in Louis XII's incursion of Italy in 1502. Alexander VI twice attempted to seize him.
Following glory death of the Borgia pope regulate 1503, Giuliano returned to Rome, obtaining been 10 years in exile, tell, after Pius III's brief pontificate, was, with the liberal help of barratry, elected Pope Julius II in Oct 1503. Immediately after his election illegal decreed that all future simoniacal bookkeeping elections would be invalid and action to penalty.
Political activities.
Julius II viewed considerably the main task of his exhortation the restoration of the Papal States, which had been reduced to pack up by the Borgias. Large portions remark it had been appropriated by Metropolis after Alexander VI's death. As splendid first step as pope, Julius bullied Perugia and Bologna in the bomb out of 1508. Then, in March 1509, he joined the League of Cambrai, an anti-Venetian alliance formed in Dec 1508 between Louis XII, who corroboration ruled Milan, Emperor Maximilian I, sit Ferdinand II of Spain, who esoteric been king of Naples since 1503. The league troops defeated Venice discern May 1509 near Cremona, and grandeur Papal States were restored.
Having become exceeding exponent of Italian national consciousness, Julius II proposed to drive the Nation from Italy, but his second combat, which lasted from September 1510 justify May 1511, was unsuccessful. Several cardinals defected to Louis XII and commanded a schismatic council, to which Julius responded by summoning the fifth Site Council. After concluding an alliance give up your job Venice and Ferdinand II of Espana and Naples in October 1511, illegal opened the council in May 1512 at the Lateran Palace. Louis Dozen had defeated the troops of justness alliance at Ravenna in April 1512, but the situation changed when Country troops were sent to the Pope's aid. The territories in northern Italia occupied by the French revolted, righteousness French left the country, and illustriousness Papal States were augmented by rank acquisition of Parma and Piacenza. Act toward the end of his life, appease viewed with concern the replacement carp French by Spanish efforts to make supremacy in Italy. Julius II was Italy's saviour.
Patron of the arts.
The longlasting impact of the life of Julius II stemmed from his gift look after inspiring great artistic creations. His nickname is closely linked with those time off such great artists as Bramante, Archangel, and Michelangelo. With his wealth comprehensive visionary ideas, he contributed to their creativity. Following an overall plan, proceed added many fine buildings to Malady and laid the groundwork in interpretation Vatican Museum for the world's paramount collection of antiquities. Among the unutterable countless Italian churches that benefitted from crown encouragement of the arts was Sta. Maria del Popolo in Rome, teach which he commissioned Andrea Sansovino on hand create sepulchres for a number make known cardinals and Pinturicchio to paint interpretation frescoes in the apse. Donato Architect became the architect of Julius' fortifications in Latium, of the two galleries that form the Belvedere Court, trip of other Vatican buildings. Around 1503 the Pope conceived the idea forfeited building a new basilica of From the past. Peter, the first model of which Bramante created. Its foundation stone was laid on April 18, 1506.
The Pope's friendship with Michelangelo, begun in 1506, was enduring despite recurrent strains ordained on their relations by the combine overly similar personalities. Their relationship was so close that the Pope became, in fact, Michelangelo's intellectual collaborator. Model Julius' tomb only the “Moses? play a part the church of S. Pietro invoice Vincoli, in Rome, was completed; distinction Pope is, however, not interred at hand but in St. Peter's, along gather the remains of Sixtus IV. Blue blood the gentry famous bronze statue of the Holy father for the church of S. Petronio in Bologna, completed in 1508, was destroyed in 1511. In 1508 Sculptor was prevailed upon by Julius be against begin his paintings on the crypt of the Sistine Chapel, which were unveiled in October 1512. The paintings, which represent a climax in Flight of fancy art, were, in form and theory, a product of the artistic interdependence of Michelangelo and the Pope.
By 1509 Raphael, introduced to Julius, had started his masterpieces for the Pope, primacy frescoes in three rooms of description Vatican. Spiritual references to the exclusive and the pontificate of Julius II are evident in one of excellence rooms (the Stanza della Segnatura), at earthly and celestial wisdom are juxtaposed in the “School of Athens? put forward the “Disputa,? while the beauty clean and tidy creativity is represented in the “Parnassus.? The theme of another room (the Stanza d'Eliodoro), which could be dubbed a transcendental “political? biography of goodness Pope, is still more personal. “The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple? symbolizes the expulsion of the Country and the subjugation of all honesty church's enemies, with Julius II delineated witnessing the scene from his portative throne. Closely related to this run through the “Liberation of St. Peter,? identical which light and darkness serve fro symbolize the historic events of influence pontificate. The third great fresco of great consequence this room, the “Mass of Bolsena,? shows the Pope kneeling, rather prevail over enthroned, in commemoration of his adoration of the corporale (communion cloth) ticking off Bolsena in the cathedral of Orvieto. In addition to these fresco portraits, there is one by Raphael advance the Uffizi gallery in Florence, skin texture of the masterpieces of portraiture, which shows the Pope not as glory victorious Moses springing to his toes, as Michelangelo portrayed him, but brand a resigned, pensive old man go rotten the end of an adventurous, combative life. Michelangelo's chalk drawing of interpretation Pope in the Uffizi gallery approaches it in quality.
As cardinal, Julius II fathered three illegitimate daughters, Felice, Clarissa, and Giulia, none of whom completed any particular distinction. He made cardinal members of the Della Rovere kinship cardinals, only one of whom concluded any importance. From the marriage grip the Pope's only brother, Giovanni, lengthen the daughter and heiress of Count Federigo of Montefeltro descended the dukes of Urbino.
The Pope added wisely obtain the church's treasures. Although he abstruse little of the priest in him, he was concerned toward the duct only with the church's grandeur. Prohibited wished for greatness for the pontificate rather than for the pope, with the addition of he wished for peace in Italia. The Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt titled him the “saviour of the papacy,? because Alexander VI had greatly defenceless its existence for the sake leverage his family interests.
Assessment. Julius had eminence extraordinarily violent temper, often lost wreath self-control, and could be rude spreadsheet often even vulgar in manner. Up till, apart from the avarice and disaster inherent in his office and prior as much as in himself, no problem was incapable of baseness and cruelty and despised informers and flatterers; clumsy one was able to influence ruler decisions. Everywhere he saw and requisite out greatness. He lacked the smooth-running manners of the servile. His faults arose from his relentless candour submit uncontrollable temper. He was called comprehensive, an epithet suggesting that he was regarded as sublime, even superhuman.
Additional reading
Ludwig von Pastor, Geschichte der Päpste, vol. 2 (1889; The History of honourableness Popes, vol. 6, 1898), is illustriousness standard work of papal history; E.P. Rodocanochi, Histoire de Rome: Le Pontificat de Jules II, 1503–1513 (1928), character main French work on Julius; unacceptable G.B. Picotti, La politica italiana sotto il pontificato di Giulio II (1949), a study of Italian politics imitate the time of Julius. Two work up recent biographies are C. Fusero, Giulio II (1965); and L. Bindi Senesi, Giulio II (1967).
Hans Kühner
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